Constantine I The Great Emperor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Constantine I The Great Emperor - Essay Example The right of choosing one’s religion earned him a place in people’s hearts and his actions earned him great public support. Not only did he ‘legalize’ Christianity, he took deep interest in their matters and formed the Ecumenical Council of Catholic church which was the first of its kind (Odahl). To make worship easy for the public, he constructed a lot of Churches in his empire which was previously only filled with Roman temples. The property that was seized during the great persecution was returned to the rightful owners and the Christian officials were restored to their ranks (Kousoulas). All the wrongs done by his predecessors were corrected and a new era started which offered a promising future for the Christians. All of his actions not only allowed the Christians to practice their religion freely and proudly but it also created a scenario in which it was advantageous to be a Christian. The political image of Constantine improved after Galerius recogni zed Constantine as an emperor. As a customary act, a portrait of Constantine was brought to Rome as recognition of his emperorship. Maxentius was the son of Maximan, the former emperor and also the son-in-law of the emperor Galerius. He had an arch rivalry with Constantine and wanted to take over the empire as his own. Maxentius was full of hatred and jealousy and he could not bear his powerlessness while Constantine having so much authority. The empire faced serious threats from the side of Maxentius when he seized the title in 306. Galerius did not recognize Maxentius as an emperor but he was not strong enough to depower him. Galerius sent a military force against Maxentius under the leadership of Severus but they were defeated and Severus was taken... The political image of Constantine improved after Galerius recognized Constantine as an emperor. As a customary act, a portrait of Constantine was brought to Rome as recognition of his emperorship. Maxentius was the son of Maximan, the former emperor and also the son-in-law of the emperor Galerius. He had an arch rivalry with Constantine and wanted to take over the empire as his own. Maxentius was full of hatred and jealousy and he could not bear his powerlessness while Constantine having so much authority. The empire faced serious threats from the side of Maxentius when he seized the title in 306. Galerius did not recognize Maxentius as an emperor but he was not strong enough to depower him. Galerius sent a military force against Maxentius under the leadership of Severus but they were defeated and Severus was taken prisoner. Constantine tried to reestablish old ties so that empire does not suffer from bloodshed and chaos. Maximan offered Fausta, his daughter to Constantine which wou ld promote him to the rank of an Augustan. In return, Constantine offered his support for Maxentius and the family ties were reformed. During his rule, Licenius also had to suffer defeat. Licenius’ defeat symbolized the defeat of the pagan practices prevalent in the East. In order to integrate the East into the Roman Empire, it was suggested that a new capital of the empire should be formed. Constantine planned a strategic campaign in companionship with the Sarmatians against the Goths.

Guidelines to anthropology influenced Essay Example for Free

Guidelines to anthropology influenced Essay Durkheim tells that ‘social facts’ means nothing but sociological data. These facts are normal ways of thoughts and acting each member of society feels forced to conform. In these facts personal qualities of individuals are irrelevant. These ‘facts’ belong to the whole of thoughts, sentiments and actions; these cannot be reduced for the individuals in whose behavior they manifest themselves. In terms of individual psychology, collective believes and behavior can’t be explained by some tokens. Durkheim states that individuals want new social psychology, for only the social can explain the social. Durkheim persist that to understand on set of social phenomena, kinship and marriage are to be understood in field of economics, religion etc. This is the essence of functionalism. The above aspect of the work of French sociologist created the origin of the British social anthropologists. Thus, with the coming of ‘structural-functional’ school in Great Britain. In the real sense of development ‘modern social anthropology’ was emerged. At this time, students of Malinowski and Radeliffe-Brown have provided new types of data. By the observed field data, Malinowski and Radeliffe-Brown gave new guidelines to anthropology influenced by Emile Durkheim (Srivastava, 2005). Functionalism theory was developed by Bronislaw Malinowski who was influenced by Durkheim. Emile Durkheim says in his sociology as society is a unit and there is a necessity of perpetuation of society in itself. Malinowski theory of functionalism was developed based on Durkheim’s sociology. Malinowski treated Durkheimian as origin of his theory with the difference of cultural aspects in his method. Durkheim expanded his theory from the top down that means he discuss about social aspects first and the features of psychological are discussed after that and more part of that theory integrated with social facts. Though Malinowski developed the theory based on Durkheim’s theory, his theory is bottom up and elaborated from the psychological aspects to cultural aspects (Worsfold). The functionalism of Malinowski was very much synchronization with sociological theory of Durkheim. Durkheim together with some other authors such as Hubert, Mauss and often Malinowski writes L’Annee Sociologique and it was buildup with some imperative theoretical and methodological aspects of functionalism. The writings of Malinowski were unequivocally influenced by Durkheim. Malinowski (1944b:19) says â€Å"Durkheim for one-sided arguments, metaphysical bias and an idealistic vision of social reality†. But Malinowski saw Durkheim as the organizer of French Sociology and anthropology. Durkheim’s main context was the cultural phenomena. So it was more important to cultural aspects of Malinowski and Malinowski said â€Å"the full scientific understanding of culture as a specific phenomenon†. Malinowski still accepted the Methodological hypothesizes of Durkheim were very vital involvement in the improvement of social anthropology. Through the opinions and proceedings of Durkheim to sociological objects was balanced with the exertions of Malinowski (Ellen 1988). Marcel Mauss was the nephew and also student of Durkheim. He was developed sociology together with Durkheim. The inquiry of anthropology disturbed with the materials of social amalgamation tumble down from the activities of Durkheim who was the educator and French sociologist. This was passed from Durkheim to his student Mauss. Durkheim and Marcel Mauss are in the same way of sociology. But Mauss never wrote any book regarding to the subject of religion like Durkheim’s attempt in â€Å"The elementary forms† (James, Mauss Allen, 1998). Reference: Ellen,R. F. (1988) Malinowski between two worlds: the Polish roots of an anthropological tradition New York, NY: CUP Archive James, W. Mauss, M Allen, N. J. (1998) Marcel Mauss: a centenary tribute. Berghahn Books. Srivastava, A. R. N, (2005) Essentials of Cultural Anthropology. New Delhi: PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. Worsfold, A. Bronislaw malinowski (1884-1942). In change. freeuk. Retrieved from http://www. change. freeuk. com/learning/socthink/malinowski. html

Case study Mental Illness and Addiction

Case study Mental Illness and Addiction Describe substance abuse and how it differs from substance dependence. Substance abuse is when an individual Overindulgences in an addictive substance (New Oxford American Dictionary. According to the Neurobiological Causes of Addiction, substance abuse is a Maladaptive pattern of drug use leading to impairment or distress presenting as one or more of the following in a 12 month period of time (Erickson Wilcox 2001): Recurrent use leading to failure to fulfill major obligations Recurrent use which is physically hazardous Recurrent drug-related legal problems Continued use despite social or interpersonal problems and the person has never met the criteria for substance dependence (Erickson Wilcox 2001). A person that has a substance dependence is when an individual uses a substance despite the negative affects that may occur, such as: withdrawal, and compulsive behavior. According to Erickson, Drug dependence is a maladaptive pattern of drug use, leading to impairment or distress, presenting as three or more of the following in a 12 month period (Erickson Wilcox 2001): Tolerance to the drugs actions Withdrawal Drug is used more then intended Inability to control drug use Effort is expended to obtain the drug Important activities are replaced by drug use Drug use continues in spite of negative consequences When an individual has a dependence to a substance the individual has a psychological and physical attachment with the substance. It is this link between the drug and the body / mind that can have devastating and lasting effects on the individual who has the dependence. 5 pts Some recovery/treatment programs stress total abstinence as a goal, while other advocate harm reduction. What are the advantages/disadvantages of each approach? Abstinence is like to what it sounds the individual is not allowed to partake in the substance that they are addicted to, and these types of programs are effective, but the individual has to be willing to devote themselves to the program. Some of the advantages of abstinence can include getting the individual healthy physically and mentally. The positive side of abstinence is that the individual is no longer destroying personal property and committing crimes to finance their addiction. Therefore, abstinence keeps people out of the legal system including serving time for criminal crimes and dealing with the court system for loosing custody of their children. 12 step recovery groups such as AA and NA advocate for abstinence to give people what they call, Recovery and a change for a better life that is free from active addiction (Personal communication, Wright. J, 2010) Abstinence provides a support group that allows the addiction to be normalized, and allow the individual to link up with other people who are slaves to a dependency. The individual is able to have an since of empowerment by being surrounded by others, who are able to keep the individual in check on their addiction and personal goals. The disadvantages of abstinences, Are most disturbing is the way abstinence can segregate mentally ill persons from being able to engage in treatment. This is because many people have diagnoses that require Benzodiazepines, Amphetamines and even Methadone which treatment providers believe to be highly addictive. There is a theory that a person in treatment can engage in services if they are high on prescriptions (Personal communication Wright. J. 2010) The main program for abstinence is AA or NA and they are based on spirituality, this could be a conflict for some of the individuals who are in treatment, because there religion may contradict that of the programs. It is also important to remember that the individual has to want to change their life for this program to work. AA and NA also tell the individual that they have no power over their addiction, it does not allow the individual to have a feeling and since of empowerment. It seems to take the power away for the individual and p uts all the focus on the addiction. Also AA and NA preaches the idea that you have to go to the meetings every day and that you will always be an addict and that you can never be without the addiction and that you can never over come the addiction. Also they have to be willing to alter their lives and commit themselves to the program: fully. Harm reduction is a good alturnative to abstinence for individuals who cannot stop their use because they are psychologically dependance to the substance. Harm reductions can include such ideas and concepts like, using the substance less, using the drug every Wednesday or even changing out their needles for clean ones. Some of the following are advantages and disadvantages according to the 2007 Journal of Drug Issues in English and American Drug Clients (K. Phillips, h. Rosenburg A. Sanikop). Harm Reduction Advantages and Disadvantages Interventions Advantages Disadvantages Methadone Reduces/eliminates/stabilizes illicit drug use facilities detox/relives withdrawal More addictive and worse withdrawal then heroin, Substituting one addiction for another. Substitute Amphetamines Known potency, Content.Decrease need for street drugs. Crime reduction Could encourage to use more on top and OD Diversion to black markets. Needle Exchange Disease Prevention, Removes temptation to share or reuse (needles) Disease Prevention Lower rates of AIDS and STI Community harm/inappropriate disposal, Makes it easier to inject. Encourages use Drop in Centers Safer environment NOS, OD prevention/ Prevents harm treatment facilitation Encourages drug use/Risk compensation. Place where drugs can be sold. Lofexidine Eases pain of withdrawal non-opiate alternative Encourages detox/eases withdrawal Doesnt help enough with the withdrawal symptoms Drug has specific side effects Naltrexone Temptation resistance Relapse prevention because use is waste of money Relapse Prevention/ helps user quit, blocks the effects of Heroin Can be used as a weapon, Clients wont take it In the states, Harm Reduction therapy has a stigma attached to it that some clinical practices and professionals have attached to it, detouring individuals with substance abuse issues to use Harm Reduction. This type of therapy also does not assist with co-occurring dependancies that the individual may have. It tends to focus on the chemical that the individual is addicted to and not the cause of the dependancy. It does not allow for the individual to isolate and get to the root of the problem, however, it does save money in the medical and prison systems. The needle exchange, was started after the out break of HIV and AIDS and the number of individuals who were diagnosed with HIV and AIDS has gone down since the needle exchange was influenced. As well as the number of individuals who are in prison for substance abuse has gone down because there are treatment programs that include methadone that can help the individual come off their addiction to an opiate. 5 pts Alcoholism has been described as a bio-psycho-social disorder. If you were performing an assessment of a defendant what factors would you look for in the client history? Bio-psycho-social is broken down into the following: Biological Addiction: is addiction that runs in the families and there maybe genetic involved in the process of addictions, but some of the individuals have a biological predisposition to addiction Psychological Addiction: That addiction is a learned behavior. This can include, domestic violence and learning how to use a drug. One becomes obsessed by the PLEASURE that the substance can provide. Social Aspect: Environments that individuals grow up in and that environment may reinforce addictive behaviors. It is these concepts that create the bio-psycho-social theory, it is an idea that is steeped in the theory of person in environment. It takes in account the individuals biology, psychological health and social wellbeing and support to fully understand the root of the persons addiction. According to the Handbook of Forensic Mental Health ( D. Springer A. Roberts 2007 p. 350-352) the following are questions and information that you have to gather in order to be able to fully complete an assessment: Presenting Problems: Record current problems as reported by the youth, family, referral source and any pertinent others, Include the history and development of the problem, circumstances surrounding the problem and the previous attempts to solve the problem. Development (birth to current age): describe prenatal care, birth, achievements of developmental milestones, delays and birth defects. Family Background: describe the family constellation, family functioning and communication. Include socioeconomic, educational and occupational information. Describe family childrearing and parenting tactics. Academic History: Describe previous diagnoses and the history of psychological problems and services. Include medication history and any history of self-injurious behaviors and or suicide attempts. Psychological History: Describe previous diagnoses and the history of psychological problems and services include medication history and any history of self-injurious behaviors and or suicide attempts. Substance Abuse History: Describe the youths use and abuse of all substances; include the length, method, and location of use and the families history of substance use. Juvenile Justice or Legal History: Describe previous encounters with the juvenile justice system and the history of illegal behaviors and status offense. include timeline, type, and circumstances of offense as well as the family history of legal problems. Violence and Abuse History: Detail psychological, verbal, physical, and sexual abuse of the youth and include a timeline. Identify perpetrators and describe whether the abuse occurred in or outside of the family. Describe any family or dating violence that the youth perpetrated. include any other traumas that the youth was exposed to. Medical History: Describe the history of medical conditions diseases and medication of youth Include the family history. Cultural History: Identify the ethnicity and rase of the youth and family include any issues noted regarding bicultural identity, immigration status, language barriers, acculturation and discrimination. Lethality: Clearly identify any concerns with lethality of the youth either towards him or herself or others and describe the plan for addressing this lethality. Bio-psycho-social is a holistic approach when dealing with an individuals addictive behavior. It is based on a continuum approach, that is supported by a since of empowerment. It allows the individual to understand why they many have started to be addicted to a substance that is plaguing them, and gives them the tools that is needed to understand their addiction and how to prevent themselves from relapsing. 5 pts Historically, a number of theories or models of alcoholism have evolved. What are these models and what is their relevance for today? These models give a guideline and help create an understanding in why people become addicted to specific substances. These models range from biological reasoning to environmental, but they are all linked in trying to discover why people become addicted to substances: they all strive to create a public understanding of addiction. They do not try to make excuses for those who are addicted, but they try to understand why addiction occurs. Theoretical Models of Alcohol/Drug Abuse From the Concepts of Chemical Dependency by: H. Doweiko Moral Model Temperance Model Spiritual Model Dispositional Disease Model Core Element The individual is viewed as choosing to use alcohol in problematic manner This model advocates the use of alcohol in moderate manner Drunkenness is a sight that the individual has slipped from his or her intended path in life. The person who becomes addicted to alcohol is somehow different from the nonalcoholic. The alcoholic might be said to allergic to alcohol Educational Model Characterological Model General Systems Model Medical Model Core Element Alcohol problems are caused by a lack of adequate knowledge about harmful effects of this chemical Problems with alcohol use are based on abnormalities in the personality structure of the individual Personal behavior must be viewed within context of social system in which they live The individual use of alcohol is based on biological predispositions such as his or her genetic heritage brain physiology and so on. (Harold Doweiko. 2009. pp. 30) The models that have the most relevance for today has to be the medical model and the general systems model. Because by looking at the person in a holistic way we can understand that the individual is affect by addiction in three ways: biologically, psychologically, and socially and those two theories envelop those ideals. I think that when you understand the individuals biological and social characteristics, you will understand there addiction. 5 pts In describing the neurobiology of addiction, the term neuroplasticity is used to describe what brain process? Neuroplasticity is when the brain is altered due to chemicals, and it is forced to change in order to adapt to the chemical. When the chemical has been removed from the individual withdrawal starts to occur, because the brain has a difficult time functioning without the substance it has been forced to adapt to. Because the brain is good at making adjustments the body is capable of adapting to the toxic chemical, and the body learns how to function with the additive. Without the chemical the body has to alter itself to relearn how to function without the chemical. 5 pts Dr. Eugene Prochaska has developed a treatment approach based on Stages of Change. What is the thinking behind this model and how it is used in treating substance abusers? The purpose of this model is to understand how the cognitive and behavioral approaches affect the individual who is addicted to chemicals. According to Porchaska the, Purpose (of) the transtheoretical model (TTM) of health behavior seeks to bridge the cognitive and the behaviorist approaches by positing a series of stages in modifying behavior; in only some of these are cognitive processes pertinent and The model includes four main constructs: the sequential stages of change; processes which people typically use to facilitate change; decisional balance, which predicts whether change will occur; and self- efficacy, the persons confidence they can make changes (Prochaska. 1985. pp. 1). Stages of Change Stages of Change and the Transtheoretical Model By: E. Prochaska Stages Description Pre-contemplation The person has no intent in changing the behavior, usually within the next six months. This maybe due to lack of information or confidence. The person is unmotivated and will resist discussing or thinking about making the change. They are not ready for interventions. Contemplation The person expresses and intention to take action within six months. They are aware of the benefits and cost of making the change and this balance may keep them in the phase for a long time. They are not ready for an intervention that expects immediate action. Preparation The person intends to take action in the immediate future. They typically have a plan of action and they have taken some preparatory action. They are ready for traditional action interventions Action The person has specific changes to their lifestyle Maintenance The person works to prevent relapse; during this phase their confidence increases as they continue with their new lifestyle. Termination In principle the maintenance stage will lead to a phase in which the person is no longer tempted to revert to their former behavior and the change is complete. This model suggest that in order to over come an addiction you have to go though a linear model. I do not think that the individual with the substance abuse has to go though all these steps in order to kick the habit. I also believe that this model places all the blame on the individual because it does not take into account the individual biology and or the environment that the individual is surrounded by. The thinking behind this model is that these are the stages that an individual who has a substance abuse dependency must go though in order to become clean and if they are able to follow this model they will finally be able to kick the habit. 5 pts How is crystal meth different from other stimulants such as cocaine? What are some of the long-term effects associated with meth use? According to the Powerpoint provided by the Department of Health and Human Services (SHMHSA) the differences between methamphetamine and cocaine are: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Cocaine effects: 1 to 2 hours. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Methamphetamine effects: 8 to 12 hours. More intense rush or initial pleasure (I would add.) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Withdrawal from methamphetamine can cause more intense symptoms and last longer. The Long term psychological effects of using meth are: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Confusion à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Loss of ability to concentrate and organize information à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Loss of ability to feel pleasure without the drug à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Paranoia à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Insomnia and fatigue à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Mood swings à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Irritability and anger à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Depression à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Anxiety and panic disorder à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Reckless, unprotected sexual behavior The more sever psychological effects can include: Hallucinations Severe depression that can lead to suicidal thoughts or attempts Episodes of sudden, violent behavior Severe memory loss that may be permanent The chronic physical effects are: Tremor Weakness Dry mouth Weight loss/malnutrition Increased sweating Oily skin Sores Headaches Severe problems with teeth and gums Sever Physical: Seizures Damaged blood vessels in the brain/stroke Damaged brain cells Irregular heartbeat/sudden death Heart attack or chronic heart problems Kidney failure Liver failure Tweaking Infected skin sores 5 pts â‚ ¬Ã‚ ³Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ µÃ¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ³Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ µ Citations Department of Health and Human Services. SHMHSA.(Year unknown) Session 4: methamphetamine and cocaine, TCRIM 361 Summer 2010. University of Washington Tacoma. Doweiko, H. (2009). Concepts of chemical dependency: psychological models of substance use disorders. Brooks/cole cengage learning. Belmont CA. ISB: 13-978-049550580-8 Erickson, Carlton K. and Wilcox, Richard E.(2001) Neurobiological causes of addiction, journal of social work practice in the addictions, 1: 3, 7 22 DOI: 10.1300/J160v01n03_02 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/ J160v01n03_02 Phillips, K., Rosenberg, H., Sanikop, A. (2007). English and american drug clients view of the acceptably, advantages and disadvantages of treatment and harm reduction interventions. Journal of Drug issues, 37(2), 377-402. Retrieved from Academic Search Complete database. Prochaska, J. (1985). Stages of change and the transtheoretical model. Springer W., Roberts A., (2007) Handbook of forensic mental health with victims and offenders: assessment, treatment, and research. Springer Series on Social Work. New York. ISBN: 0826115144 Wright. J. (2010, Aug. 8). Personal communication. University of Washington.

Proposal for a Sustainable Forestry Management Policy Essay -- Proposa

Proposal for a Sustainable Forestry Management Policy Forests are an invaluable natural resource with multiple conflicting uses. When left to stand, forests help conserve biodiversity, stabilize the environment and control erosion; when logged, they provide building materials, fuel and agricultural land for human use. The challenge is to find an equilibrium between these uses: in other words, to make the transition toward sustainable forestry management. Unfortunately, poverty has driven people in developing countries to clear-cut large tracts of land, while instability and corruption have rendered developing country governments powerless to stop illegal logging and trade in illegal forest products. The results have been staggering. The World Resources Institute recently reported that tropical regions have been deforested at an alarming rate of 1% annually since 1985; in some countries, the rate has spiraled to over 7% per year (1). Much of this deforestation is linked to the illegal trade in forest products. Greenpeace estimates that up to 80% of all logs cut in the Brazilian Amazon are extracted illegally; the estimate is 70% for Indonesia (2). In order to fight the problem of illegal logging and trade, I propose the following package of policy actions. First, to change US government procurement policy to prefer timber from sustainably managed forests; second, to provide technical assistance to help developing countries with forestry management; and third, to promote a national eco-certification system for sustainably managed forestry products. FIRST, the US government shall adapt its timber procurement policy to give preferential treatment to forest products certified to meet sustainable management criteria. In t... ...rg (6) ISO 14001, 14061: http://www.iso.ch (7) "ISF Smartwood Certification," http://www.isf-sw.org/cert.htm (8) Environmental Protection Agency, Climate Protection Division. "The Power to Make a Difference." 1999 Annual Report on EnergyStar. http://www.epa.gov/appdstar/pdf/cpd99brief.pdf (9) American Forest and Paper Association. "U.S. Forest Products Industry Competitive Challenges in a Global Marketplace." http://www.afandpa.org/legislation/legislation.html (10) Rotherham, Tom. "Selling Sustainable Development: Environmental Labeling and Certification Programs." In "Environmentally Sound Trade Expansion in the Americas," University of Miami, 2000. (11) WTO Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (12) Dawkins, Kristen. "Eco-Labelling: Consumers' Right to Know or Restrictive Business Practice?" Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy, 1996.

Tourism Impacts Of Resort Operations In Talisay, Batangas

In this tropical country, resort is one of the most leading establishments preferred by the emerging number of tourists in the Philippines for it offers a pleasant environment and ambiance that is conducive to comfort and healthful relaxation and rest. It is a very convenient destination for the tourists since it also provides food and dining, reception, accommodation, lodging, business facilities and other services. It is almost an all-in-one destination that can suffice the need and wants of the tourists. Stress and pressure that was brought by the monotony of everyday life have become a great factor in the trend of the tourism industry and they both laid the foundation for so many establishment and recreational facilities for the tourists’ enjoyment and sensual experience.In Region 4-A, particularly in Batangas, many resorts are already established and known. This province is recently emerging as one of the top providers of class resorts. Talisay, bounded on the north by Ta gaytay City, Laurel on the west, Tanauan on the east, and Taal Lake on the south is one great contributor to the tourism of the province. Of all the caldera towns, Talisay is the most direct access from Manila to the Volcano Island via Santa Rosa – Tagaytay. A slightly longer route, but equally good road condition, is via South Expressway – Tanauan.Tourism has been considered by Talisay as their economic focus. The natural attributes of the town as well as the very limited availability of land for  other economic ventures such as agriculture and other land based activities influence the focus of economic activity for the town. The advantage of tourism as a conceivable direction for the town lies in its natural beauty, engaging landform and favorable climate. Comparable developments have been proven that tourism thrives primarily because of varied activities and interesting culture with natural endowments serving as the initial lure.Because these elements are present in Talisay, it would be in a favorable position to explore its possibilities. It has recently reinvented itself into a resort town, making use of the outstanding view and access that they have to Taal Lake and Taal Volcano. The said lake and volcano is one of the major tourist destinations in the country that is why many investors have been interested to venture into operating resorts within the municipality of Talisay.As the arrival of international and domestic tourists in the area grows, number of resorts in Talisay also increased. Rise of the tourists’ need for satisfaction and quality made competitions among these resorts become tighter. Because of the tourists’ preference in choosing a resort, many resorts raised their own standards and different themes have been made. Such actions and innovations must be clearly monitored as well as its impacts to the tourism industry of Talisay, Batangas. Sustainability of the resorts and its operations must also be given adequ ate attention. Problems rising from these operations must be significantly studied and essential research must be done to arrive at possible solutions and feasible recommendations.Conceptual FrameworkThis study aimed to delve the tourism impacts of the resort operations in Talisay, Batangas. This was based on the data gathered from the resorts in Talisay as well as information congregated from the local government of the said municipality.Figure 1 A schematic diagram showing the relationship of the research variables.The paradigm shows the factors that must be thoroughly researched and studied to achieve the understanding of tourism impacts of resort operations in Talisay, Batangas.Statement of the ProblemThe primary purpose of this study is to state the tourism impacts of resort operations in Talisay, Batangas. Specifically, this research study will answer the following questions: 1.) What are the profile of the respondents in terms of: 1.1 years of residency 1.2 family income? 2.) What are the benefits of the community of Talisay from resort operations in terms of: 2.1 employment opportunities 2.2 infrastructure development 2.3 safety and security 2.4 recreation opportunities 2.5 environmental protection? 3.) What are the corporate social responsibilities of all resort owners to help sustain a healthy environment for the residents? 4.) Is there a significant difference on the benefits of the community of Talisay from resort operations when grouped according to their profile? HypothesisAfter conducting surveys, interviews and research, the proponents of the study realized that the resort operations in Talisay, Batangas do not have an impact on the tourism of the said municipality.Scope and LimitationThe study is limited only to the population of Talisay, Batangas. The information that will be needed for the research will be acquired through the local government of the municipality and from the resorts that are operating in the area. The proponents will conduc t an interview to the resort owners or operators as well as to the residents in the local community. The data that will be gathered through these sources will serve as the basis of this study.The study covers the marketing, management, financial, social, economic and  environmental aspects. The study will help the researchers respond accurately and appropriately in the burdens the resort owners should face in the future. It intends to provide information regarding the tourism impacts and how the resort operations will be sustained through time. It will also provide additional knowledge to the Talisay’s local government in developing the sustainable tourism in their locality.Significance of the StudyThis study was significant in understanding the tourism impact of resort operations in Talisay, Batangas. Furthermore, it will be beneficial to the following:Academe; With the aid of results that can obtain in this study, different techniques and strategies can develop in underst anding tourism impact of resort owners and its sustainability, particularly in Talisay, Batangas.Resort owners; The results that will be taken in this study can provide resort owners information and assistance in case they are in the same line of industry.Tourists; The contents of the study will give every tourist insights and knowledge about Talisay as tourist destination.Local government; The accomplishment of the study will endow supplementary information that can contribute in the improvement of their locality.Lastly, to Future researchers; This study will provide useful information that can be used as a basis to their would-be researches particularly those that will focus on topics related to sustainability of tourism industry.Definition of TermsFor the meaningful interpretation of this research study, the following terms were defined operationally and conceptually with basis from authorized sources. Resort. It is one of the most leading establishments preferred by the emerging number of tourists in the Philippines for it offers a pleasant environment and ambiance that is conducive to comfort and healthful relaxation and rest. Tourism. This comprises the activities of persons travelling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not  more than that one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes. Tourism Impact. It is the effect of tourist destinations, including resorts, to the community where tourism occurs.

Introduction to working with children Essay

There are three different provisions that provide care and education to children. Upton Infant School is a statutory provision; they are funded by the government. Upton Infant School educates and cares for children from 4 years to 7 years of age. They follow the National Curriculum, and the EYFS. They support and work with the children and family by observing the children, and producing written or verbal feedback to the parents; this can be done by holding parent evenings. They are also supporting the children and parents by having fully trained SEN staff in the setting; so they help the children who require additional support. (Upton Infants’ School, 2012) The DEBRA charity is an organisation which supports and helps to find a cure to heal or help the children and families that are suffering from a generic skin blistering condition. This condition is called Epidermolysis Bullosa (EB). This is a voluntary organisation; this is funded by the public. They support and help children of all ages from birth. They provide emotional and physical support for families coping with EB. (DEBRA, 2008-2012) Private provisions are organisations that make profits from their services. Buckholme Towers in Parkstone; is an independent day school and nursery, which cares for both boys and girls from 3 to 12 years of age. They provide classes for individual learning. The staff quickly gets to know pupils so that their strengths and talents and be enhanced, and their weaknesses are developed upon. They provide a supportive environment this makes the children feel secure and ready for challenges of school life. They support families that have children with; Emotional Needs, ADHD, Dyslexia, Asthma and Serious Allergy’s. (Poole Family Information Service, 2012) There are various legislations in the UK that supports working with children, these are:- Health And Safety At Work Act 1974 Children’s Act 1989 Children’s Act 2004 Children’s Act 2006 Equality Act 2010 United Convention On The Rights Of The Child 1989 Data Protection Act 1998 The Children’s Act 1989 came into force in October 1990. It aims to help children in every situation; at home, at day-care, or in full time care. Some of the principles are that the welfare of the child is paramount and every child has the right to be free from neglect and abuse, every child should be brought up by their parents, if the child is in need, help and guidance should be provided. Both parents and professionals should consult the child when decision making. (Beaver, et al, 2008) Children’s Act 2004 promotes the five outcomes for the Every Child Matters (2003) legislation for every child; this was created because some of the points in 1989 were not being done. These five points are; 1. Be healthy 2. Stay safe 3. Enjoy and achieve 4. Make a positive contribution 5. Achieve economic well-being (Beaver, et al, 2008) The needs of the child and family are central in the Children’s Act 2006. Local authorities must improve the outcomes for children less than 5 years of age. This was created to focus on the children in question and their families. This is where the EYFS came into practice. This was introduced to support the delivery of quality of education and care in the early years. This Act also entitles parents to get the information they need. (Beaver, et al, 2008) The United Convention On the Rights Of The Child came into force in 1989. This Act contains 54 articles. All the articles were put into place to ensure every child enjoys health and education; every child should be within a caring family and have the right of survival. Every child should be protected from exploitation and abuse at all times and should have the freedom to have their voice and opinions taken into account on significant issues. (Beaver, et al, 2008) The Data Protection Act was put into place in 1998, to protect Information of individuals as this is confidential. Other than the care worker, the information can only be shared between the guardian or parent and the child in question. It is very important that you maintain confidentiality when working with children. This is important because it protect the child in question and the family. (Legislation, 2012) Principles and values are very important when working with children. Principles are a professional rule of action of conduct. Values are beliefs and ideas that are shared between groups of people that are from the same culture. This is important because it will give you an understanding of what is good or desirable and what is not. (Tassoni, et al, 2007) Through positive relations the children learn to be strong and to be independent. According in the EYFS (2012) every child is a unique child; they can have a strong character, confident and are self-assured. Enabling environments are essential in helping the children develop and learn. Every child learns and develops in a different way, every child should be treated equally, and their needs to be taken into account. The education and care of all the children in early year’s provision, including children with special educational needs and disabilities, are covered by this framework. Without a unique child, positive relationships and enabling environment’s there would not be any learning and development. The CWDC principles are to reinforce that the welfare of the child and young person is paramount. The safeguarding, learning and development is reflected in practice and service provision. Practitioners work closely with parents as they are very important in their child’s upbringing, recognising they are the children’s most important careers and educators. The values of CWDC are that every child’s individuality is valued and respected and celebrated. Also the children’s personal and physical safety is safeguarded, whilst allowing for risk and challenge as appropriate to the capabilities of the child. Self-esteem is very important to every child’s development. Also confidentiality and agreements about confidential information are respected as appropriate unless a child’s protection and well-being are at stake. Best practice requires a continuous search improvement and self-awareness of how workers are perceived by others. (Children’s Workforce Development Council, 2012). Inclusion and diversity is very important in respecting and valuing each child at a place setting. If this is done correctly it should build the child’s confidence and improve their concentration. This will also remove learning barriers; whether this is emotional or learning where a child may need extra support. (Beaver, et al, 2008) Everyone is different and entitled to their own opinions this means everyone should get treated equally, as they are a unique child, this complies with the EYFS curriculum (Moylett.et al. 2012) According to article.10 UNCRC states that every child has the rights to be able to be heard, valued and listened to. ‘The United Nations Convention On The Rights Of The Child, article 12, says that we must listen to the child’s view and take those views into account in any planning that effects the child’ (Fajerman,2001:12). Both `the children and the staff are benefitting by taking into account the views and the opinions of the child. This builds upon the child’s self-esteem, the children become independent, creative learners, this also makes them aware they have rights and that they do matter. This benefits the staff because they gain an increased awareness of children’s needs, rights and abilities. Also the parents will benefit from this by them feeling involved with their children’s development and their contribution to the setting. (Fajerman, 2001) An example of the place settings giving the children the freedom to express themselves and have their own opinions is at tea time or snack time; this enables them to be able to decide what they want to eat from a plate of food. This way the children will eat what they like and feel valued. According to an early years consultant Margret Collins (2006) children with low self-esteem are timid and are easily bullied. They struggle to take up challenges, and rarely reach their full potential, on some cases people with low self-esteem look at themselves as a failure! On the other hand children with high self-esteem embrace new challenges and see themselves as a success. Children with high self-esteem do usually have an excellent relationship with their teachers as they receive praise. From September 2008, The EYFS emphasis that every person who cares for the children, e.g. child minders and the EYFS practitioners under the age of five have to show the evidence of ‘Look, Listen, and Note’. This shows what development stage the children are at and what the children like doing, also this gives the practitioner a clear understanding of what the child can do or not and if the child needs extra support or not. By doing this you are treating the children like individuals. (Renouf, 2008). People have different opinions this gives them a sense of themselves and others around them. They can also see how individual everyone is. (Graham, 2002). The children will learn that other people have different opinions and feelings; this enables them to be sensitive to others. They will learn that every child believes and their personal views on things can vary, every child has the right to, and need to be treated with respect. Encouraging children to talk about their opinions and their feelings is important because this will build greater relationships with the child and you will be able to understand and help that child more. It is also important for the child to express what they like or dislike doing, and why. (Graham, 2002) There are many professional skills that will support you when working with children. Some of the professional skills are being an effective practitioner: this covers everything from being empathetic and sensitive to having effective communication skills, Being professional: this includes skills such as being reliable and an anti-bias approach, and ensuring you know your roles and responsibility; this involves putting the needs and rights of the child and the family first. (Beaver, et al.2008) Professional standards are essential in working with children; this covers all the professional standards that are needed to be an affective practitioner. Time keeping; is essential because this reflects well on you. Regular attendance is an individual responsibility; you also need to make sure you have everything with you to get the best out of the day. Appropriate dress code; this is important as this will show you have self-respect and that you value the children by not wearing anything inappropriate. It is very important that everyone in each setting understand the different ways of communicating with individual children’s needs. (Beaver, et al, 2008) It is important that everyone smells fresh, and they need to ensure they regularly wash their hands during the course of the day. Smoking is not allowed in public areas, due to a new law that has been recently created. Workers who choose to smoke should do this by going off site, and out of sight of parents and the children. (Beaver, et al, 2008) It is also a good idea to take in hoody or spare clothing so that you do not smell of smoke when you go back. You could also chew on gum, but remember to get rid of it before you go back to the children. All of this is being an effective role model. Study skills are important to being an effective practitioner. Basic needs are the most important one of them all. Without fulfilling your personal needs you will not be able to get the most from your experience and learn properly. Even looking at things like your health and mental health is important, as if you are ill, you are unable to learn to the best of your abilities and get the most from your day. (Northedge, 2005) Motivation is needed in childcare; this is what gets you through the days. Self-motivation comes from deep within, only you can motivate yourself, someone else can only inspire you to do something. By setting yourself little goals, you are able to achieve big goals. (Beaver, et al, 2008) Time management is also important, and this will need to be developed, you need to be able to manage your home life with your college life-try to keep these separate. You need to make sure you are realistic with your time scales to do something, and to be able to do them to your best abilities. (Beaver, et al, 2008) Note taking is important in studying as you will not be able to remember everything that you have learnt over the course of the day. (Beaver, et al, 2008) Planning is essential in childcare, without planning nothing will run smoothly and the days will be hectic. It is also important to plan your assignments this will help you complete it to the deadline. There are many things that learning environments provide to help their students achieve. There things such as learner support, they will help you to improve your work to a higher standard, they provide all sorts of help with your assignments they help you to plan them, they can proof read and check for spellings, and they can help you with referencing. (Beaver, et al, 2008) In childcare it is very important to develop and maintain appropriate relationships with the children, parents and other professionals. A practitioner’s role is to behave in a professional manner. (Tassoni, et al, 2007) Bowlby attachment theory, helps understand relationships, he understands the relationships between; children and carers, and parents and EYP. EYP’s now understand that there will be some children that need a little extra time to feel secure in the setting. This benefits the child because they become more independent and confident. EYP work in partnership with parents, and they should never undermine the relationship between the parent and child. By having a good relationship between the parent and EYP, will benefit the child, this will meet the child’s needs more effectively as the parent has the most knowledge of their child. (Tassoni, et al, 2007) By keeping the family informed about their child performance and any injury or discomfort will build trust. Building and maintaining relationships between colleagues, is essential. This can be done by sharing responsibility and duties equally. (Tassoni, et al, 2007) It is also important to share the information about the child you are about to work with, with the appropriate people. This also needs to be kept updated, by all the members that are working with that child. If there are any frictions between colleagues, the line manager will need to be contacted to help sort out such issues. (Tassoni, et al, 2007) Consistency is the key point in working with children, as you are a role model for children. The information the child receives from adults should be the same, this can have a negative effect on the children, as they pick up things like consistency and tension between parents, EYP, Colleagues and the children. (Tassoni, et al, 2007) Some children may need more than one organisation to help and support them and their families for any additional support. This is called multi-agency team. This consists of various professional that join their skills to help the children to the best of their abilities. It is a practical mechanism to deliver the integrated working required of public services by Every Child Matters, published in 2003, and by The Children Act 2004. (Beaver, et al, 2008) Multi-agency teams benefit the children because they receive tailor-made support for their needs. Some of the benefits of this is easier and quicker access to services and expertise, and reduced needs for specialist services. (Beaver, et al, 2008) Parents are also part of the multi-agency team, and their choices should also be respected and valued. E.g. parents may choose to discuss the situation to other professionals; this is their decision. (Beaver, et al, 2008) It is very unprofessional to discuss another child’s situation with other parents. Some parents find it very daunting for professionals to have contact with them on a daily basis. (Beaver, et al, 2008) Characterises of working with other colleagues and professionals in a multi-agency team are cooperation, this encourages the children to learn to work well with each other. Every team member needs to be consistent this is to ensure that everyone has the same approach of caring for children and working with their family. All members of the team should encourage, praise, stimulate, and support one another. Every member should share their ideas and aims and should feel respected; they should also feel a sense of belong. Every team member needs to be efficient, so all the skills of each individual can be used to the best of their ability. The responsibilities should be shared between every member in the multi-agency team. Workers need to be willing to learn and develop new ways of learning and thinking, and to balance out their weakness and strengths between them. It is also important you remain confidential within a multi-agency team, this shows that you respect your role and the child; you will also be complying with the Data Protection Act. (Beaver, et al, 2008) Common Assessment Framework (CAF) is a process to make sure that children needs are met in the most efficient and pro-active way. This is also a key component in the ‘Every Child Matters-change for children’ program. The CAF aim is to ensure every child receives the universal to which they are entitled and the additional services they need at the earliest opportunity. (Children’s Workforce Development Council 2008) Child-Centred approach is where the children get the freedom to experience, think, question, and research for their own answers. Nursery practitioners get to see how play develops between the children, and not telling them what to do. This enhances the children’s communication skills. This is the complete opposite of Adult-Led; this is where the adult’s initiates play. (Beaver, et al, 2008) The benefits of a Child-Centred approach are that the children get fully involved in activities and are proud of what they can achieve by themselves. They can actively explore the environment and enjoy playing with others. (Beaver, et al, 2008) Although some children find this situation awkward, as they believe the teacher should be in control, whereas others believe they are fully responsible for their play. (Beaver, et al, 2008) There can be issues with the parents too, as they believe children should not learn through playing they prefer their children to learn through literacy and numeracy skills. (Beaver, et al, 2008) Child-Centred approach links to the EYFS because every child is given the opportunity to choose what they want, this encourages every child to be unique. (Beaver, et al, 2008) The practitioners and teachers work in partnership to create a positive relationship and create and enabling environment for the children. The ‘Look, Listen and Note’ observation links to the adult led approach because you can have a better opportunity for observation this way. (Beaver, et al, 2008) The Reggio Emilia approach supports the child-centred approach; an approach based on children’s ideas, thoughts and observations they have gathered through the environment. This was founded by Loris Malaguzzi. (Beaver, et al, 2008) Reggio Emilia believed that the environment, in which the children learn, should be considered as a third teacher. (Wenex Technologies, 2006) Some of the characteristics of the Reggio Emilia approach are that the teachers work in pairs this is called ‘co-teaching’. ‘There is no staff structure, i.e. no head teacher; and staff such as cooks and assistants are regarded as equal with teachers.’ (Beaver, et al, 2008:251) ‘Teachers do plan and make preparations, but there is not a strict curriculum or timetable. Teaching and learning is allowed to evolve and unfold at the pace of the children and follows the interests they develop along the way’ (Beaver, et al, 2008:252) There is four main areas that are Important within your role, limits and boundaries these are; Health and Safety, managing children’s behaviour, child protection and confidentiality. (Tassoni, et al, 2007) It is everyone’s responsibility to ensure the child’s safety. It varies from a basic level by doing little things such as; shutting doors and gates behind you, to a more extreme level; what to do when there is a fire alarm. You also need to consider other aspects of physical safety; this includes things such as one of the children you are with has an accident or the child is unsafe. You will also need to follow policies on personal hygiene this could be simple things such as; wearing a uniform, tying your hair back, and using the supplied resources. (Tassoni, et al, 2007) It is essential to follow the settings policies and procedures, and the policies on hygiene. (Tassoni, et al, 2007) By following the policies and procedures you are reducing the risk of being accused of something such as neglectful behaviour or being in an abusive situation, it also ensures that everyone’s rights and responsibilities are respected, this also shows that the setting is running smoothly and everyone is doing what is expected of them. Having written policies is a requirement of OFSTED. (Tassoni, et al, 2007) It is very important to be aware of how different settings deal with managing children’s behaviour and where it is appropriate to intervene or when not to. (Tassoni, et al, 2007) Also it is important to observe how other professionals deal with the situation. Child protection is very important this will give you the knowledge of how to follow the correct policies to protect children from harm, and abuse. This is to ensure the child id receiving similar messages, so they can feel secure. (Tassoni, et al, 2007) Some children may tell practitioners things that are a cause of concern, this information should be immediately passed onto the appropriate people and no one else. Confidentiality is very important in -settings, as this protects the child and the families. (Tassoni, et al, 2007)